Is it posible that the universe are colapsing at this very moment?
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Message 39359 - Posted: 2 May 2010 | 7:14:15 UTC

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

But what happens if the point rotating around 1, 2 or 3 axis?

Will the stars & galaxies in this case ever come to a complete stop in their path before the start to falling back to the point of origin?

Imagine that the galaxy that wee se traveling at the speed of light relative to us now traveling towards us then wee will only se the back light so to speak but the front light will wee not see until wee actually collide.

Or in other words wee will observe an expending universe right to the time when wee collide.

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Message 39380 - Posted: 2 May 2010 | 19:57:23 UTC - in response to Message 39359.

Imagine that the galaxy that wee see travelling at the speed of light relative to us now travelling towards us then we will only see the back light so to speak but the front light will we not see until we actually collide.

Or in other words we will observe an expanding universe right to the time when we collide.


Have you ever noticed a train approaching sounds a bit louder, and the whistle sounds a bit higher in pitch, while a train leaving sounds a little quieter and the whistle sounds a bit lower in pitch. This is only at the speed of sound. If a plane is travelling faster than the speed of sound, you won't hear it until the sonic boom shock wave arrives.

If you put the same ideas towards light, if something was travelling towards us (very fast - closer to the speed of light), you would probably notice it is brighter, and activity would appear a bit faster too since light leaving the source would have less distance to travel compared to the "old light" which travelled from further back. If something was travelling faster than light, then it would catch-up on the light emitted and absorb that light, so to us, this would probably look like a black hole since whatever light tried to come this way wouldn't be fast enough to get ahead for us to see the light.

If everything was collapsing faster than the speed of light, then the entire sky would appear dark.

...but this is only a quick guess. If what you suggest is true, there isn't anything we could do about it, I don't think you need to worry about this, the shock wave would be spectacular, not even our Sun would have enough energy to stop the collision.

...but this is only a quick guess.
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Message 39381 - Posted: 2 May 2010 | 20:52:21 UTC - in response to Message 39380.

Imagine that the galaxy that wee see travelling at the speed of light relative to us now travelling towards us then we will only see the back light so to speak but the front light will we not see until we actually collide.

Or in other words we will observe an expanding universe right to the time when we collide.


Have you ever noticed a train approaching sounds a bit louder, and the whistle sounds a bit higher in pitch, while a train leaving sounds a little quieter and the whistle sounds a bit lower in pitch. This is only at the speed of sound. If a plane is travelling faster than the speed of sound, you won't hear it until the sonic boom shock wave arrives.

If you put the same ideas towards light, if something was travelling towards us (very fast - closer to the speed of light), you would probably notice it is brighter, and activity would appear a bit faster too since light leaving the source would have less distance to travel compared to the "old light" which travelled from further back. If something was travelling faster than light, then it would catch-up on the light emitted and absorb that light, so to us, this would probably look like a black hole since whatever light tried to come this way wouldn't be fast enough to get ahead for us to see the light.

If everything was collapsing faster than the speed of light, then the entire sky would appear dark.


I believe that is only true with respect of the light comming from the front end of the moving object. There are qasars with a redshift walue of Z>7 that
are moving away from us several times the speed of light but can still be obseved.


...but this is only a quick guess. If what you suggest is true, there isn't anything we could do about it, I don't think you need to worry about this, the shock wave would be spectacular, not even our Sun would have enough energy to stop the collision.

...but this is only a quick guess.


I'm not worry, just curious regarding what effect the curvature of space-time has on how the light traveling to us that are sent out from the back end compered with the light sent out from the front end :)

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Message 39770 - Posted: 17 May 2010 | 1:44:31 UTC

I believe our current view of how the universe is behaving is woefully inaccurate. To answer your question, in a limited way yes it is possible, just not quite the way you're describing it. That's really all I'm willing to say at this point in time, since I know how easy it is to be labeled a "lunatic" in the scientific community. I hope I can find a better answer for you sometime in the future.

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Message 40317 - Posted: 10 Jun 2010 | 15:05:13 UTC

Hi all, this is my first post in the forums but l have been crunching for some time now.

Interesting scenario there simplex0 and nice reply by Joses. Indeed if galaxies were moving closer to us then they should appear brighter.

Correct me if l am wrong and this might sound stupid to most of you, but how do we know where the galaxies should be moving towards to if we don't know in which space the big bang occurred? And technically that would be hard to pinpoint since space as we know it is a product of the big bang as well(as far as l remember).

It is very puzzling that galaxies move away from us at ever increasing speeds.

Again sorry if my post is stupid.

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Message 40410 - Posted: 15 Jun 2010 | 18:58:00 UTC - in response to Message 40317.

Good questions - the field of cosmology is fairly complicated, but I'll do my best to explain some things.

Indeed if galaxies were moving closer to us then they should appear brighter.


Depends on what you mean by 'brighter'. :) The hard physics definition of 'brighter' would be 'energy flux' from the source, or the amount of energy observed coming from the source. When an object, such as a galaxy, moves towards us, the light becomes Doppler shifted into appearing bluer - this is known as 'blue shift'. Bluer photons of light have more energy, [energy = (plank's constant)*(frequency of photon)] so the galaxy would appear 'brighter' in that it appears 'bluer', and we receive more energy than we would from the same galaxy if it were not moving. The number of photons that we observe, however, would be the same.
The same is true for receding galaxies: photon wavelengths are shifted to higher frequencies = lower energies = redder light. This is referred to as 'red shift'.

...we don't know in which space the big bang occurred?


Technically, the big bang occurred everywhere. Immediately after the big bang, the universe was only the size of a single atom, but expanded very quickly. As space expanded, the matter was able to cool down, and form galaxies, etc. It was thought that eventually, the gravity of the mass in the universe would overcome the initial expansion momentum from the big bang, and everything would contract in on itself and collapse back down. But Edwin Hubble discovered that everything in the universe is moving away from us, and the farther away something is, the faster it is moving away. (this has been repeatedly confirmed) This, and other observations, have led modern cosmology to the conclusion that space itself is still expanding, like raisins in a loaf of bread as the bread bakes and expands.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?


Succinctly, no. Nothing with mass in the universe can travel at the speed of light, and massless particles (such as photons) can only travel at the speed of light. (These are consequences of the Theory of Relativity, much of which has been experimentally verified) All of the evidence that we have points to a universe that is constantly expanding, and if it suddenly stopped expanding, we would be able to see this as the light from the 'stopped' objects reaches us. So if a galaxy 10 million light years away stopped moving away and is now moving towards us, we would notice it unless it turned around less than 10 million years ago. This is assuming that the turn-around is sudden, and that's not how the universe tends to work. :)

...how easy it is to be labeled a "lunatic" in the scientific community


lol - We are all lunatics, some of us just get more things right than others. :) Seriously, though, most people who get labelled 'lunatics' are the ones who start making wild theories and proclamations without doing their homework first. Our scientific knowledge is centuries-old, and very complicated - there is a reason that a PhD takes 10 years of schooling past High School. Most scientists appreciate questions, as long as the asker is not throwing around extreme presuppositions.

Just beware of the 'Dunning–Kruger effect' - it occurs when someone knows a little about something, and then they automatically assume that they know a lot. And they can get away with it until they meet someone who knows more. There are people who make entire careers out of knowing 'a little bit more' than most people, and then when they finally meet someone who knows more than they do, they accuse the more knowledgeable person of being part of a cover up or conspiracy.

We've all been victims of the Dunning-Kruger effect at some time or another, as it can be hard to tell where our actual knowledge stops.

Wow- this was longer than I thought. :) I hope I answered the major questions, but feel free to ask more. (I may take a few days to answer, though, because I will be travelling a lot very soon)

Cheers - Matthew

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Message 40438 - Posted: 16 Jun 2010 | 12:27:47 UTC
Last modified: 16 Jun 2010 | 13:01:34 UTC

I'll be the lunatic/crackpot, James. I can bear it ;)

The field of Cosmology is NOT that complicated. Explaining theories that aren't valid or don't withstand scrutiny...is.

"It should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid." Al Einstein

Physics explain what's happening in Cosmology, but mathemeticians now use a host of wild, untestable theories. Mathematics does NOT explain observable events as we see them.

Technically, the big bang occurred everywhere. Immediately after the big bang, the universe was only the size of a single atom, but expanded very quickly. As space expanded, the matter was able to cool down, and form galaxies, etc.


Technically, the big bang had to occur in one place. A point...(loose term in quantam physics). Immediately after the big bang, the size of an atom? Immediately? Planck time disagrees with that. What is the universe expanding into? Big bang theory? No, big bang hypothesis. The mathematics does not explain how, or why.

Succinctly, no. Nothing with mass in the universe can travel at the speed of light, and massless particles (such as photons) can only travel at the speed of light. (These are consequences of the Theory of Relativity, much of which has been experimentally verified)


Is a photon a particle now, and not a wave? Or hell, is it both? Duality? Paradox? = 2 theories that are forced together that are not compatible. But made to exist and given a name. If it's a particle, it has to have mass, as you can say it is at x,y,z coordinates. If light takes 8 minutes to reach us from the sun, at 7 mins 26secs 100 ms etc etc you have to be able to say where that "photon" is. It HAS to be at a certain place at that exact time.
It can't be a wave, as that describes what an object does. Travels in a wave pattern.

And what parts of ToR have been experimientally verified? Not theorized or mathemeticized, what parts actually have experimental\tangible evidence of existence? Besides time speeding up as you travel faster, what else? Much means more than a few things.

And the one thing as a "scientist" you need to remember is, Relativity is not compatible with quantum theory. Gravity does not work at sub atomic level.
Graviton? PURELY hypothetical, and mathematical. Invented particle needed to explain a gap in knowledge. An invention needed to balanace a mathematical equation.

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Message 40446 - Posted: 16 Jun 2010 | 20:53:32 UTC - in response to Message 40438.

"It should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid." Al Einstein


True, the laws of physics are easy to explain, but the consequences of those laws are often quite complicated. The greatest success of a scientific theory is for it to predict observable phenomena mathematically, and then verify it experimentally. Physics represents a host of laws, while mathematics provides the hard logical extrapolations of those laws. When observation deviates from what the mathematics predict, there is something that we don't understand, and therefore need to discover.

"Crazy" hypothetical mathematical explorations are necessary for future work; most modern physical theories are based on complicated mathematical systems that were developed over a century ago, and were considered worthless in their time.


Immediately after the big bang, the size of an atom? Immediately?


You caught me using general terms here. :) It doesn't pay to be specific here, because there all multiple theories trying to merge quantum and relativistic (and other) theories, and we are not sure how to test them. But our universe today is consistent with a universe that was once smaller than an atom.

Big bang theory? No, big bang hypothesis


No, Big Bang Theory. :) A theory is a hypothesis with experimental evidence. While the Big Bang Theory was developed to explain the receding universe, it has since gained experimental evidence - one of the best examples is the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background, which was predicted by the theory before it was discovered. Observed galaxy correlation functions also match what the Big Bang Theory predicts. Mathematically, the Equations of General Relativity, when run backwards in time, also predict an infinitesimally small and infinitely dense beginning to the universe.

Is a photon a particle now, and not a wave? Or hell, is it both?


The photon is both a particle and a wave. Most particles, massless or massive, behave as both waves and particles - the theories are not incompatible, you just need a better understanding of quantum mechanics. ;) I suggest starting by reading up on the dual-slit experiment. Quantum theory (namely Heisenberg's uncertainty relation) says that you can't give anything a definite x,y,z position, or a definite time. This only becomes important at small scales, such as the scale that photons and other elementary particles operate at. All particles exist as statistical distributions in space and time, described by their quantum mechanical 'wavefunctions'.

And what parts of ToR have been experimientally verified?


Relativistic time dilation, as you mentioned, is one verification. Clocks on the space shuttle and longer lifetimes of relativistic decaying particles are concrete proofs of that. Gravitational time dilation, where time goes slower closer to a gravitational source, has also been verified by atomic clocks placed at different elevations. The perihelion precession of Mercury and orbital decay of tightly bound massive binaries are other experimentally verified predictions of GR (general relativity). The best evidence is light bending by massive sources, esp. galaxy clusters, also predicted before observed. This also has profound implications on the structure of our universe, but it is one of those conceptually and mathematically complicated subjects. (Which flows logically from the simple base postulates of GR)

If you are interested in Relativity, Hans Ohanian has a great book 'Gravitation and Spacetime' which is a fairly simple and rigorous introduction to GR. The later chapters are outdated, but he is working on a third edition now to correct this. The best feature of this book, in my opinion, is his constant references to experimental evidence.

Relativity is not compatible with quantum theory


True, although steps have been made to combine them. The Dirac Equation and subsequent equations of quantum field theory do an excellent job of describing relativistic, quantum mechanical systems. No one knows what gravity does on very small scales, as the other natural forces overwhelm the comparatively weak gravitational force, and experiments to detect it are very difficult. It is possible that gravity does not even exist at quantum mechanical distance scales.

We know that our current theory of gravitation is incorrect, but that does not mean that what we have is wrong. It simply means that we may need a small correction term to the math, or that some other physical process exists - the leading theory right now being Dark Matter.

Graviton? PURELY hypothetical, and mathematical.


I agree. :) The graviton was invented to help unify relativity and quantum theory. Although, Einstein's field equation, when viewed from the perspective of quantum field theory, looks exactly like a field equation that would describe a massless particle of quantum spin 2. My problem with the graviton is that it would 'know too much' because it would couple with the other forces - in order to produce light-bending, for example.

Scientific theories should be testable - I do not hold string theory to be true in any way. (yet) However, it pays in the long run to hypothesize, rigorously and mathematically, beyond what we can test now, so that we know what to look for when we achieve the necessary technology.

The other key point of science is that science is willing to admit when it is wrong - everything we know could be incorrect (not flat out wrong though, because modern science does a pretty good job describing most of what we perceive, so it must at least be on the right track), and could (and probably will) be replaced by better theories in the future.

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Message 40454 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 4:55:02 UTC - in response to Message 40446.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 5:32:11 UTC

Nice to hear you don't subscribe to M/String Theory. There's hope for you yet!

The best evidence is light bending by massive sources, esp. galaxy clusters, also predicted before observed.


Gravitational lensing. But then....

This also has profound implications on the structure of our universe, but it is one of those conceptually and mathematically complicated subjects. (Which flows logically from the simple base postulates of GR)


If something 'logically' follows on from GR, why does it become complicated? It either is..or isn't. Something is either dead, or alive. Schrodinger's cat starts meowing. It could be half dead, and half alive. Or dead AND alive.

We know that our current theory of gravitation is incorrect, but that does not mean that what we have is wrong. It simply means that we may need a small correction term to the math, or that some other physical process exists - the leading theory right now being Dark Matter.


THAT'S what annoys me no end. If a theory is not testable, or is flawed, it is not a working theory. If the theory can be tested and does not work, it is incorrect i.e. WRONG.

How does making up non-existant particles, inserting their 'made up' properties into an equation/formula, make said equations/formulae correct?

What is Dark Matter? Well, it's a graviton. Something made up to explain a discrepency. Maybe gravity works differently on galactic scale just as it does at a subatomic level.

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Message 40455 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 5:42:37 UTC - in response to Message 40446.

My problem with the graviton is that it would 'know too much' because it would couple with the other forces - in order to produce light-bending, for example.

Actually it doesn't really need to couple with the other forces as not the light is bent, but the space ;)

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Message 40456 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 5:43:51 UTC

Got a little off track there. Photons. Light.

Duality..Paradox. Light as a wave and a particle.

Do you believe that light can be explained by a quantum vector field?

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Message 40457 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 5:52:16 UTC - in response to Message 40456.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 6:25:56 UTC

Do you believe that light can be explained by a quantum vector field?

Light is normally described by two (coupled) vector fields (which can be derived from a combination of one vector potential and a scalar potential). That doesn't change much if you look at it classically or in the frame of QM.

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Message 40458 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 6:43:54 UTC - in response to Message 39359.

Going back to the original question of the thread.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

We may see the full extent quite a bit later, but the relative velocities of nearby objects are so small that we would see it there first. It can't hide.

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

If the universe will stop (or even reverse) its current expansion depends crucially on the density of the universe. If there isn't enough matter in here (exerting gravitational forces), the expension will never stop. The visible (known) matter in the universe accounts for less than 2% of the needed "critical density". Even when considering the dark matter evident from the measurement of the rotation of galaxies and their movements in the galaxy clusters, we have only about a fourth of the needed mass.

And there is still the issue of the so called Dark Energy (pushing the universe apart). Current observations may hint to quite a bit of it (more than 70% of the total mass/energy in the universe is currently supposed to be dark energy), which leads to an accelarated expansion and not a slowdown. But frankly, I don't buy into that yet (but this is my personal opinion not based on anything I would call a sound reasoning, it's more a feeling, I simply don't like it ;).

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Message 40459 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 7:04:29 UTC

It's also possible that what lies outside our universe may push back on the universe one day, condensing it. Or what encompasses our universe may actually be sucking it out.

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Message 40460 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 7:38:32 UTC - in response to Message 40458.

Going back to the original question of the thread.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

We may see the full extent quite a bit later, but the relative velocities of nearby objects are so small that we would see it there first. It can't hide.

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

If the universe will stop (or even reverse) its current expansion depends crucially on the density of the universe. If there isn't enough matter in here (exerting gravitational forces), the expension will never stop. The visible (known) matter in the universe accounts for less than 2% of the needed "critical density". Even when considering the dark matter evident from the measurement of the rotation of galaxies and their movements in the galaxy clusters, we have only about a fourth of the needed mass.

And there is still the issue of the so called Dark Energy (pushing the universe apart). Current observations may hint to quite a bit of it (more than 70% of the total mass/energy in the universe is currently supposed to be dark energy), which leads to an accelarated expansion and not a slowdown. But frankly, I don't buy into that yet (but this is my personal opinion not based on anything I would call a sound reasoning, it's more a feeling, I simply don't like it ;).


I read somewhere, that by recent long-term CMB observations and measurements, it has been concluded that after all our universe seems to be flat instead of open. So it might be that your (and mine) feeling might not be far off.
My reasoning in support of non-open universe goes somewhat along this line: the further out we look, we see further back in time. And we see redshift. To me that redshift means nothing more than a fact that things we observe moved at such speeds relative to us at THAT time, not NOW. And since doppler effect (blue/redshift) is a function of speed, is as such invariant to distance, so, if our universe was indeed accelerating in expansion, we should see a lot more redshift closer to us than further out.
And not wanting to become a victim of Dunning–Kruger effect, I am fully aware that my knowledge in this area is far from perfect, I just wanted to present my line thinking about this question.
BR
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Message 40461 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 7:58:58 UTC - in response to Message 40459.

It's also possible that what lies outside our universe may push back on the universe one day, condensing it. Or what encompasses our universe may actually be sucking it out.


To me a question of what is "outside" our universe is more philosophical than scientific. I strongly advocate idea, that "outside" our universe shouldn't even exist. Only that way all the "space" our universe needs is "provided". To explain this concept I usually use sets. I define our universe as universal set (convenient isn't it? :) ) then I ask what is "outside" of a set? A complement of a set of course, and a complement of universal set is an empty set. Voila!
Yet again, this is my personal belief and should not be treated as scientific fact until proven.
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Message 40462 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:09:29 UTC - in response to Message 40461.

It's also possible that what lies outside our universe may push back on the universe one day, condensing it. Or what encompasses our universe may actually be sucking it out.


To me a question of what is "outside" our universe is more philosophical than scientific. I strongly advocate idea, that "outside" our universe shouldn't even exist.

Correct. There is nothing "outside" by definition, there isn't even an "outside". Everything that can have an influence on our universe belongs to our universe.

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Message 40464 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:36:03 UTC - in response to Message 40460.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:42:31 UTC

I read somewhere, that by recent long-term CMB observations and measurements, it has been concluded that after all our universe seems to be flat instead of open. So it might be that your (and mine) feeling might not be far off.

Actually there is some reasoning that the universe should have a flat geometry and I like the idea a lot. Problem is we can't see that much of matter/energy. That's were the dark energy comes into the game. It is supposed to close the gap to the flat universe. But at the same time it needs to have repulsive properties leading to an accelerated expansion even with a flat universe. And that is what I don't like.

My reasoning in support of non-open universe goes somewhat along this line: the further out we look, we see further back in time. And we see redshift. To me that redshift means nothing more than a fact that things we observe moved at such speeds relative to us at THAT time, not NOW. And since doppler effect (blue/redshift) is a function of speed, is as such invariant to distance, so, if our universe was indeed accelerating in expansion, we should see a lot more redshift closer to us than further out.

And that is exactly how the accelerated expansion was measured. They took a certain type of supernovae known to have always the same absolute brightness (so the apparent brightness we see on earth gives us the distance at some time in the past) and compared it with the redshift.
But as those measurements aren't particularly easy (and some assumptions need to be fullfilled for the method to be working), I'm still not completely convinced (even as there is some solid evidence).

And not wanting to become a victim of Dunning�Kruger effect, I am fully aware that my knowledge in this area is far from perfect, I just wanted to present my line thinking about this question.

Hey, I'm also not an expert in this field (even as I'm a physicist, but I'm doing something completely different). So a lot of my "knowledge" qualifies more as hearsay and handwaving as I heard the lectures about some of the topics years ago and forgot almost everything in the meantime ;)

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Message 40465 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:42:24 UTC - in response to Message 40462.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:52:49 UTC

Ok, i define our universe as the "bubble universe" theory. Convenient, isn't it? Nice theory also.

What's the bubble forming in?

Want to not discuss it as it doesn't fit your theory? Easier to ignore than put a hypothesis forward?

It's just as philisophical as dark energy. 'We think something is accelerating the universe, so it must be inside'. That's kind of ignoring any other opinion, as it doesn't fit yours.

I believe the fate of the universe depends solely upon the medium into which it was born, big-banged. Blow up a balloon real fast, a huge influx of energy. What happens to it depends upon the pressures outside it.

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Message 40466 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 8:54:11 UTC - in response to Message 40465.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:18:34 UTC

Ok, i define our universe as the "bubble universe" theory. Convenient, isn't it? Nice theory also.

What's the bubble forming in?

Want to not discuss it as it doesn't fit your theory? Easier to ignore than put a hypothesis forward?

It's just as philisophical as dark energy. 'We think something is accelerating the universe, so it must be inside'. That's kind of ignoring any other opinion, as it doesn't fit yours.

Not at all!

But first, the whole "bubble universe theory" is currently nothing more than a game with some advanced mathematics, it is not substantiated by any experimental/observation data (opposed to the dark energy stuff, there is some evidence for that).

And the second point comes straight from Wikipedia:

The bubble universe model proposes that different regions of this inflationary universe (termed a multiverse) decayed to a true vacuum state at different times, with decaying regions corresponding to “subâ€- universes not in causal contact with each other

The bold part simply says that it is impossible to detect, if there is anything. Occams Razor tells me that there is nothing (at it is the simpler alternative and you can't tell the difference). Actually it fits very well with my definition that everything that can have an influence on our universe belongs to our universe. Or in more physical terms: a universe is not only a closed system, it is an isolated system.

Edit:
I believe the fate of the universe depends solely upon the medium into which it was born, big-banged. Blow up a balloon real fast, a huge influx of energy. What happens to it depends upon the pressures outside it.

Important difference is that our universe didn't pop up in some place or in some environment. The whole big bang happens inside our universe.

If there is anything outside (Caution! Heavy unfounded speculation which doesn't matter anyway because it does not influence our universe follows.) it may very well be that our universe is just a vacuum fluctuation in another universe where a tiny black hole with Planck mass und Planck radius was formed just by chance and disappeared again from this other universe within the Planck time (<10^-43 seconds) to conserve energy. And within this randomly created and immediately destroyed tiny thing our own universe develops completely disconnected from its origin with its own spacetime and billions of galaxies. Isn't that a beautiful thought?

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Message 40468 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:15:39 UTC

And the fish in the water swims around casually believing water is the only world there is. Just keep swimming.

That's all very well to have your own opinion. As all the mathematicians must be playing a fun game with M-theory. Seems like an awful lot of funding for a mathematical game, wouldn't you say?

Last i saw experimental/observational evidence for that was zero, nada, zilch, zip. Let's get some membranes out, and make a loaf universe!!

And if Wiki is your source of info, please find a more serious, scientific one. The people who correct/quote/contribute are all on board with mainstream science and have little time for others who wish to challenge their view.

Wiki = popular opinion, not fact.

The philosophy you are invoking is the God theory i believe. In the beginning.....

springing out of nothingness into something. Something from nothing. A 'point' that sprang from nothingness to something, within nothing. Spontaeneous creation.

Mr Physik, theology doesn't belong here.

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Message 40469 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:22:33 UTC - in response to Message 40468.

And the fish in the water swims around casually believing water is the only world there is. Just keep swimming.

That's all very well to have your own opinion. As all the mathematicians must be playing a fun game with M-theory. Seems like an awful lot of funding for a mathematical game, wouldn't you say?

Last i saw experimental/observational evidence for that was zero, nada, zilch, zip. Let's get some membranes out, and make a loaf universe!!

And if Wiki is your source of info, please find a more serious, scientific one. The people who correct/quote/contribute are all on board with mainstream science and have little time for others who wish to challenge their view.

Wiki = popular opinion, not fact.

The philosophy you are invoking is the God theory i believe. In the beginning.....

springing out of nothingness into something. Something from nothing. A 'point' that sprang from nothingness to something, within nothing. Spontaeneous creation.

Mr Physik, theology doesn't belong here.


On the contrary... I think that only place(and time) left for theology in our universe is at it's beginning. From there on, it's pure science.
BR
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Message 40470 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:33:13 UTC - in response to Message 40469.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:34:46 UTC

Thanks for making my point Vid. Most appreciated.

How can you know where the universe is going, if you don't know where it's been? The 'point' or 'singularity' of the big bang, well, it came from somewhere.

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Message 40471 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:44:56 UTC - in response to Message 40468.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:46:22 UTC

And the fish in the water swims around casually believing water is the only world there is. Just keep swimming.

But the fish *could* detect that there is more. And the world outside his lake/ocean influences his world, so there is some causal connection.
It is a bit different with our universe where nothing outside can influence our universe. That is identical to say that there is nothing outside.

That's all very well to have your own opinion. As all the mathematicians must be playing a fun game with M-theory. Seems like an awful lot of funding for a mathematical game, wouldn't you say?

Yes ;)

And if Wiki is your source of info, please find a more serious, scientific one. The people who correct/quote/contribute are all on board with mainstream science and have little time for others who wish to challenge their view.

Uhmm, what would it help if I cite the original work of Andrej Linde who "invented" the buble universum. I just had a look to his publications (in real scientific journals if you mind) an he writes specifically of "causally disconnected regions of the universe". That's basically the same as I cited from Wikipedia and he even states that those bubbles are only subregions of our universe. Your point was what?

The philosophy you are invoking is the God theory i believe. In the beginning.....

I don't see where God entered the discussion. I definitely didn't throw him to the conversation ;)

What I know as "God theory" is quite rubbish in my opinion. There is nothing what can't be "explained" (it's actually not an explanation, just a stating of basic facts with very simple logic) with the (weak) anthropic principle.

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Message 40472 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 9:57:10 UTC
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 10:09:10 UTC

Ok, so the fish would 'notice' how things affected his world. Just like we notice something is affecting our world.....an expanding universe, but you swear black and blue it must be from inside the universe based on.....your hunch? Based on a theory of dark energy? that can't be detected? like dark matter? like a higgs boson? Purely hypothetical explainations?

Did God tell you there was no medium into which our universe came into existence?

Explain to me what the universe is expanding into...that is, the event horizon of the universe. What's on the other side of the wall? Strings? Angels? Ahhh, i've got it, nothing! The universe is growing into nothing.

So, it started infinitely small, surrounded by....nothing. Grew to the size of a pea, compared to what? There is no frame of reference as there is nothing.

Why is the expansion not uniform? what's stopping it from expanding uniformly? What "outside" force is opposing it? Certainly can't be gravity from the inside, it's too weak.

Lay your wisdom upon me.

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Message 40473 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 10:15:03 UTC - in response to Message 40472.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 10:18:49 UTC

Did God tell you there was no medium into which our universe came into existence?

There is no god. He told me! ;)

Explain to me what the universe is expanding into...that is, the event horizon of the universe. What's on the other side of the wall? Strings? Angels? Ahhh, i've got it, nothing! The universe is growing into nothing.

You are making the common mistake of trying to look at the universe from the outside. But this doesn't make any sense as a hypothetical observer outside would be completely disconnected from our spacetime inside (remember the hypothetical vaccum fluctuation which inside growed into our universe while it simply disappered in the other spacetime?). You can only look at the universe from the inside. If you see our universe, you are in our universe. Otherwise it wouldn't be a universe (hint: think what universe means).

So, it started infinitely small, surrounded by....nothing. Grew to the size of a pea, compared to what? There is no frame of reference as there is nothing.

Correct. That is why you can't measure a universe from the outside ;) See above. There is a reason I wrote that there is not even an outside.

Why is the expansion not uniform? what's stopping it from expanding uniformly? What "outside" force is opposing it? Certainly can't be gravity from the inside, it's too weak.

What do you mean with uniform?
Expansion is at least almost isotropic. One thinks that only some random fluctuations in the early universe disturbed it a very tiny amount. One needed great efforts to measure the anisotropy of the cosmic background for instance (which is a direct consequence of the expansion).
And how do you come to the conclusion that gravitation is far to weak to influence the expansion? There is experimental evidence for about 27% of the mass needed to asymptotically stop the expansion. The open question is if we find the missing 73% or if those are comprised of the still hypothetical dark energy.

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Message 40474 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 10:35:16 UTC - in response to Message 40470.

Thanks for making my point Vid. Most appreciated.

How can you know where the universe is going, if you don't know where it's been? The 'point' or 'singularity' of the big bang, well, it came from somewhere.


Yes, if you take my statement generally, however in context of debate over the beginning of universe (which I got impression this thread was turning to) here and now could also be a place for theology.
I will admit (and I in no sense believe in God in any traditional way; I am not religious), that the beginning of universe may be the sole act of God, God's will if you like.
One more thing all this reminded me of, and it is also connected to cosmology, beginning of universe and even more mundane everyday things is time.
One day, couple of years ago, I had a talk with a family friend, a professor of mathematics, about how I came to conclusion that time is probably running in discrete intervals rather than continuously. My reasoning was the following: After the big bang, up to a certain time things are not only undefined, but also undefinable (at the moment). That is called planck's time. Therefore if time ran continuously, it would be no problem to "calculate" the state of universe down to arbitrarily short time interval, even to the beginning itself. To my amazement, he agreed. And just now, when I checked if I spelt "planck" right, I noticed, that some more established scientists think likewise (wow! :D ).
Nevertheless I would also be interested in others views. Are we ticking or running smooth?
BR

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Message 40476 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 12:05:08 UTC - in response to Message 40473.

You are making the common mistake of trying to look at the universe from the outside. But this doesn't make any sense as a hypothetical observer outside would be completely disconnected from our spacetime inside (remember the hypothetical vaccum fluctuation which inside growed into our universe while it simply disappered in the other spacetime?).


Like us looking at the hypothetical fish in the water? The universe by definition, as all that we know. Are you claiming we now know everything that there is to know?

There is a reason I wrote that there is not even an outside.


So, answer the question. When i peer through the event horizon, what do i see? What do i travel into? The ocean with the fish in it?

And how do you come to the conclusion that gravitation is far to weak to influence the expansion? There is experimental evidence for about 27% of the mass needed to asymptotically stop the expansion. The open question is if we find the missing 73% or if those are comprised of the still hypothetical dark energy.


You answered your own question.

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Message 40477 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 12:24:13 UTC - in response to Message 40472.

Explain to me what the universe is expanding into...that is, the event horizon of the universe. What's on the other side of the wall?

To add something to my above post, there is no "wall" in a material sense. The "event horizon" of the universe defines only the visible part of the universe, or in another sense the part of the universe which can possibly affect us right now. Depending on the way the universe expands (or shrinks), it is allowed for instance that matter virtually "disappears" at the edges of the visible universe in case of an accelerated expansion. It simply means that some part of the universe which was formely within our visible universe (moves slower than the speed of light away from us) is now faster than light (the horizon always moves away with the speed of light from you and that since the Big Bang).
One can get picky and say that it will look like it is only approaching that limit, but the fact remains that only the light emitted up to a certain point in time (where it leaves our visible universe, but remains in our universe) will ever be able to reach us, it will be stretched over longer and longer periods.
And before someone starts with the argument that nothing can move faster than light, that is not violated. In fact, the far away galaxies are not really moving away, it is the space itself which expands (which looks like distant objects are moving away). If the space between two points expands faster than the speed of light, it only means that no information can be exchanged between those two points, i.e. they don't belong to the same visible universe anymore (but that was likely the case earlier in time).

That all may sound confusing first, but after thinking a bit, it started to make some sense.

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Message 40478 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 12:29:00 UTC
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 12:36:03 UTC

I don't believe in god, but on the same token i don't believe in the big bang. I find it difficult to fathom basing the current fate of the universe whilst only knowing a % of the whole picture.

The Hartle and Hawking No-Boundary Proposal

Hartle and Hawking's new theory treated the universe like a quantum particle. As a result, they created a wave function that describe all possible universes. The wave function is assumed to have a large value for our own universe, and small, non-zero values for an infinite number of other possible, parallel universes. The other universes are expected to have different physical constants than our universe and are believed to be devoid of life.

The problem with Hartle and Hawking's theory is that it predicted the universe is "closed." Consider a closed universe to be the surface of an inflating balloon. Objects such as galaxies on the surface of the balloon would move away in one direction as the balloon inflates, and eventually end up at their initial positions. In addition, the concept of a closed universe implies that the universe will one day stop expanding, and collapse under the force of its own gravity.

Observations suggest that there is insufficient matter in the universe to create enough gravity to recollapse it. In fact, there is evidence predicting the universe to be expanding at a faster rate than the inflationary theory predicts. Thus, observations favor the idea of an "open" universe, a universe that will continue to expand.


The same idiot that gave us singularities and big bang's. First he comes up with multiple universes, then we get 1 from a big bang.

Where did the initial big bang 'singularity' suddenly appear from? Not there 1 microsecond, expanding exponentially the next.
I atleast give M-Theory a rap for having a go at explaining it, whilst current science palms it off to philosophers to debate over. Puts it in the too hard basket as it interferes with their current theory.

Matter can't be created or destroyed? Law of some sort? ;) 'Big bang' energy came from....

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Message 40479 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 12:42:19 UTC - in response to Message 40476.

The universe by definition, as all that we know. Are you claiming we now know everything that there is to know?

No, the universe is all that is. It doesn't matter if we know it, it only has to be ;)

There is a reason I wrote that there is not even an outside.

So, answer the question. When i peer through the event horizon, what do i see? What do i travel into? The ocean with the fish in it?

You are not able to go through the horizon of your visible universe. The universe will always look spherical with you in the center and the horizon moves away from you with the speed of light in all directions, always. It doesn't matter how fast you travel or where you are. It also means that for a hypothetical guy at the left edge of your visible universe and another one at the right edge the universe will look different and they possibly don't see each other.
If you ask what is outside of your visible universe, the answer is all the remaining parts of the universe. We can only see an infinitesimal part of the total universe. As I said, the event horizon of the visible universe isn't material in any way. It is simply defined as moving away with the speed of light under all circumstances since the Big Bang.

And how do you come to the conclusion that gravitation is far to weak to influence the expansion? There is experimental evidence for about 27% of the mass needed to asymptotically stop the expansion. The open question is if we find the missing 73% or if those are comprised of the still hypothetical dark energy.

You answered your own question.

I wouldn't consider a factor of 4 or less significant or a major hurdle. Only 40 years ago we've known only 2% of the necessary mass. We found already a factor of 10 or so in the meantime ;)

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Message 40480 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:00:43 UTC

So, Mr Physik, there is part of our universe beyond what we can see. I get that from what you're saying. But it doesn't explain this..

[url] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution[/url]

In 2007 the Keck telescope, a team from California Institute of Technology found six star forming galaxies about 13.2 billion light years (light travel distance) away and therefore created when the universe was only 500 million years old.
Damn, i'm using evil Wiki.

Of the oldest observable light, our universe is 13.7 billion years old. But what about the part of the universe we can't see, beyond the horizon? I assume it's still part of our 'universe' by your own definition.
So how, with any accuracy, can we predict when galaxies first formed? There could be 20 billion light years worth of creation beyond our horizon. Well, that could mean we don't really know squat about what formed and when. Correct?

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Message 40481 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:02:40 UTC - in response to Message 40478.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:25:47 UTC

If something 'logically' follows on from GR, why does it become complicated? It either is..or isn't.

If that were true, science wouldn't be nearly as difficult as it is. I highly recommend looking into emergent behavior and chaotic behavior - a good place to start would be the simple experiment of a double pendulum. I was going to recommend a very readable text I was given as part of a physics course, but unfortunately I haven't been able to find it online.

Where did the initial big bang 'singularity' suddenly appear from? Not there 1 microsecond, expanding exponentially the next.

A microsecond is a unit of time, and time is subject to relativity. The closer you get to the big bang, the bigger the concentration of mass and the more time slows down - although the singularity itself is not understood by current theories (much like black holes), you could say there -was- no 'before' the big bang, as time itself was started off by it. But I should add that some theories of quantum gravity propose a 'big bounce' instead, where the big bang is not a singular event (but that begs the question of why our universe will keep expanding unlike earlier incarnations).

So how, with any accuracy, can we predict when galaxies first formed?

In essence we just look at how fast the universe is expanding and calculate back to when all the matter we see was bunched together into a single point. Since we can look 'into the past', we can check to see if the rate of expansion then agrees with our calculations. Of course, it really depends on your definition of 'accurate', since there is still a lot of uncertainty in the age of the universe. These calculations -are- based on the assumptions that space is both isotropic and homogeneous at the largest distance scales. That is, we've no reason to assume that our solar system is in some sort of great galactic void and throwing off our calculations, or that the rate of expansion would be different beyond the visible universe. Now, if we ever did find light with a greater redshift than the calculated age of the universe should allow, scientists would have some explaining to do (in one way, the smoothness of the Cosmic Microwave Background is such a problem, and we need theories of Inflation to solve it).

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Message 40482 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:09:52 UTC - in response to Message 40478.

I find it difficult to fathom basing the current fate of the universe whilst only knowing a % of the whole picture.

That is called science. If we would know the complete picture, one wouldn't need to think about it any further ;)

The Hartle and Hawking No-Boundary Proposal

In the current state, all that stuff is mostly just some theorization without supportive evidence from observations. A nice gimmick if you want.

The same idiot that gave us singularities and big bang's. First he comes up with multiple universes, then we get 1 from a big bang.

Looks like you mix up now quite some stuff. Hawking had nothing to do with the Big Bang idea for instance and he didn't invented the singularities either.

Where did the initial big bang 'singularity' suddenly appear from? Not there 1 microsecond, expanding exponentially the next.

It does not matter, as it has no influence on our universe. Even when it may be possible to solve this scientifically (one idea would be the vacuum fluctuation I mentioned already (at the end)), I don't see the scientific value. We may want to ask this question for our own curiosity because one may see it as the the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything, but strictly speaking the answer has no real value, just like "42" ;)

I atleast give M-Theory a rap for having a go at explaining it, whilst current science palms it off to philosophers to debate over. Puts it in the too hard basket as it interferes with their current theory.

M-theory won't explain how the universe came to existence. Furthermore, it first has to grow into a consistent theory (which it isn't currently).

Matter can't be created or destroyed? Law of some sort? ;) 'Big bang' energy came from....

There is some concept named energy conservation which is generally fullfilled except on very short time scales. That is where the vacuum fluctuations come into the game. And by the way, the total energy of the universe may be zero ;)

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Message 40483 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:23:18 UTC - in response to Message 40480.

it doesn't explain this..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
In 2007 the Keck telescope, a team from California Institute of Technology found six star forming galaxies about 13.2 billion light years (light travel distance) away and therefore created when the universe was only 500 million years old.
Damn, i'm using evil Wiki.

Of the oldest observable light, our universe is 13.7 billion years old. But what about the part of the universe we can't see, beyond the horizon? I assume it's still part of our 'universe' by your own definition.
So how, with any accuracy, can we predict when galaxies first formed? There could be 20 billion light years worth of creation beyond our horizon. Well, that could mean we don't really know squat about what formed and when. Correct?

No. The universe as a whole came into existence about 13.7 billion years ago. We know that, because no light older than that had the chance to reach us so far. That is simply defined by the size of the visible universe and the speed of expansion one can measure. Because this process (and the whole universe) is so isotropic, there is simply no reasonable explanation how some parts of the universe could have existed somehow earlier than other parts. One would be able to detect that through a far greater anisotropy in our universe as observed.

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Message 40484 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 13:49:14 UTC

No. The universe as a whole came into existence about 13.7 billion years ago. We know that, because no light older than that had the chance to reach us so far.


Didn't you say though that there's part of the universe beyond our viewable range? Please be consistent.

Looks like you mix up now quite some stuff. Hawking had nothing to do with the Big Bang idea for instance and he didn't invented the singularities either.


Penrose penned (pardon the pun) the singularity, Hawking 'borrowed' it as the source of the big bang. Yep, i'm the Mix Master!

M-theory won't explain how the universe came to existence. Furthermore, it first has to grow into a consistent theory (which it isn't currently).


If it does become viable (i hope not), they already have a model for the big bang.

There is some concept named energy conservation which is generally fullfilled except on very short time scales. That is where the vacuum fluctuations come into the game. And by the way, the total energy of the universe may be zero ;)


Vacuum fluctuations? Theory? No facts? Not provable but invented to fill a knowledge gap? We aren't talking gravitons are we? Of course not. We're quoting Hawking again. The man that gave us the unworkable multiple universe theory. Well, he thought it worked anyway.

http://www.braungardt.com/Physics/Vacuum%20Fluctuation.htm
It is possible to settle the issue by a simple calculation. Astronomers can measure the masses of galaxies, their average separation, and their speeds of recession. Putting these numbers into a formula yields a quantity which some physicists have interpreted as the total energy of the universe. The answer does indeed come out to be zero within the observational accuracy.


That's Hawking's zero energy. But that doesn't account for our dark matter or dark energy, does it? So is Hawking wrong, or wrong?

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Message 40486 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 15:04:58 UTC - in response to Message 40484.

Vacuum fluctuations? Theory? No facts? Not provable but invented to fill a knowledge gap?

Check out the Casimir effect.

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Message 40487 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 15:30:51 UTC
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 15:37:12 UTC

So, is this electromagnetism explained in another way?

As the gap between the plates is narrowed (to a few nanometers), fewer waves can contribute to the vacuum energy and so the energy density between the plates falls below the energy density of the surrounding space. The result is a tiny force trying to pull the plates together – a force that has been measured and thus provides proof of the existence of the quantum vacuum.


Just asking. Walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, so let's call it a rabbit?

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Message 40489 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 17:09:19 UTC - in response to Message 40484.

No. The universe as a whole came into existence about 13.7 billion years ago. We know that, because no light older than that had the chance to reach us so far.

Didn't you say though that there's part of the universe beyond our viewable range? Please be consistent.

There is no inconsistency.

Looks like you mix up now quite some stuff. Hawking had nothing to do with the Big Bang idea for instance and he didn't invented the singularities either.

Penrose penned (pardon the pun) the singularity, Hawking 'borrowed' it as the source of the big bang.

Uhmm, no. The origin of the idea with the Big Bang starting from a very dense state is Georges Lemaître who formulated that idea already in 1927.
Penrose and Hawking have only proven (much later) that there are no solutions of Einsteins field equations completely without singularities.
By the way, singularities are in fact only mathematical constructs which should give a strong hint to every physicist that some part of the theory is still missing. So in fact they have proven that Einstein's equations are no complete theory (which is a well known fact).

There is some concept named energy conservation which is generally fullfilled except on very short time scales. That is where the vacuum fluctuations come into the game. And by the way, the total energy of the universe may be zero ;)

Vacuum fluctuations? Theory? No facts? Not provable but invented to fill a knowledge gap? We aren't talking gravitons are we? Of course not. We're quoting Hawking again. The man that gave us the unworkable multiple universe theory. Well, he thought it worked anyway.

Again, only because Hawking has written something about it in his "Brief history of time" doesn't make him the original source of the idea. Vacuum fluctuation were known long before (they are in a sense a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle formulated also already in 1927). And the vacuum fluctuations have measurable and proven consequences (you may look up the Lamb shift), even as some details are not fully understood yet (there are for instance some problems when one tries to calculate the Casimir effect from vacuum fluctuations, there are also competing interpretations of the Casimir effect which may be a better fit).

http://www.braungardt.com/Physics/Vacuum%20Fluctuation.htm
It is possible to settle the issue by a simple calculation. Astronomers can measure the masses of galaxies, their average separation, and their speeds of recession. Putting these numbers into a formula yields a quantity which some physicists have interpreted as the total energy of the universe. The answer does indeed come out to be zero within the observational accuracy.

That's Hawking's zero energy. But that doesn't account for our dark matter or dark energy, does it? So is Hawking wrong, or wrong?

No, that's not "Hawking's" zero energy. The gravitational potential of some masses is known for some hundred years now, the same is true for the kinetic energy. Only for Einstein's E=mc² we had to wait a little bit longer. But summing all up is hardly a breakthrough. The total energy of an isolated system (as our universe) is known to be conserved and constant for ages now, one should learn this latest at College if not already in the high school. It is a common quantity to characterize a physical system.
By the way, it doesn't matter which kind of energy/matter our universe consists of, that calculation should work always.

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Message 40490 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 17:34:36 UTC - in response to Message 40487.
Last modified: 17 Jun 2010 | 17:35:25 UTC

So, is this electromagnetism explained in another way?

No, it's the Casimir effect ;)
It was predicted in 1948 and measured 8 years later.

The vacuum fluctuations happen not only with an electromagnetic field but for everything. The textbook experiment is only designed to measure the electromagnetic part as it is the easiest (lowest energies and the longest wavelengths). But is has proven and measured implications also for the strong(*) interaction between quarks for instance.

(*):
There are 4 fundamental forces in the universe which possibly unify at very high energy scales. The electromagnetic, the weak, the strong interaction, and finally gravitation. The unification of the electromagnetic and the weak interaction can be considered theroetically understood and experimentally more or less proven up to the still pending detection of the Higgs particle. Theories for three forces (Grand Unified Theories, GUTs) are being developed, but hard experimental checks are probably far far away. The "holy grail" would be to embed some sort of quantum gravitation for a unification of all 4 forces.
That may show how far we are currently away from such stuff, as it is not really possible to check even the GUTs (there are a lot of competing ones) and we are still struggling to find the last pieces of the puzzle for the electroweak unification. That's why I said earlier that such advanced theories are currently not much more than playing around with some advanced mathematics without any factual base.

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Message 40493 - Posted: 17 Jun 2010 | 19:46:56 UTC - in response to Message 40490.


My problem with the graviton is that it would 'know too much' because it would couple with the other forces - in order to produce light-bending, for example.


Actually it doesn't really need to couple with the other forces as not the light is bent, but the space ;)


A good point, but I've wondered, if the gravitons couple with space, how do they escape the event horizon of a black hole? If they couple to space, and create a region that only allows for motion towards the singularity, It seems as though the graviton itself would be unable to escape the event horizon.

I suppose the gravitons could couple weakly to space, and travel 'outside' of space (hidden dimension[s], etc), but this line of reasoning seems a bit speculative for my tastes.

Eventually due to QM limits, science will find the smallest observable unit of gravitational force, and possibly dub it the 'graviton.' But by that time we will know a lot more, so it doesn't pay to speculate.

I'll be taking an advanced quantum field theory course next semester, we'll see what they have to say about it. My opinions may change yet. :)

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Message 40500 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 2:24:30 UTC
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 2:50:40 UTC

That's why I said earlier that such advanced theories are currently not much more than playing around with some advanced mathematics without any factual base.


But that also encompasses the big bung theory. Alan Guth, inventor of the Inflation theory (bolted on to the big bung) freely admits that his calculations, and theory, is wrong. Yet big bungers hold on to the thought religiously. Why?

And the Casimir effect, how is that justified with 16 elementery particles, +2 hypotheticals. Don't they need their opposite spin particles to make sense? Those other 16 particles that were MADE UP i.e. NO EVIDENCE FOR except the fact that mathemeticians needed them for QM to make sense?

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Message 40501 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 2:49:59 UTC
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 3:34:34 UTC

And when you have a higgs boson and a graviton that justify and qualify the other 16 particles, one can start spouting QM as a usable, testable theory. Not a mathematical theory that produces questionable experimental evidence based on hypothetical particles.

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Message 40507 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 12:04:15 UTC - in response to Message 40500.

That's why I said earlier that such advanced theories are currently not much more than playing around with some advanced mathematics without any factual base.


But that also encompasses the big bung theory. Alan Guth, inventor of the Inflation theory (bolted on to the big bung) freely admits that his calculations, and theory, is wrong. Yet big bungers hold on to the thought religiously. Why?

Again, you are mixing something up. There is clear evidence for the Big Bang and there are some observed properties of our universe, which may be explained by one or more inflationary phases. Those theories are being worked on and their predictions are currently checked against measurements and observations (like the cosmic background radiation data).
And yes, it is right that Alan Guth in his original work (where he came up with the inflation idea) used a too simple model. But this is not the end of it all. There are competing models, extensions to it and generally a lot of people trying to improve the theory. This is simply work in progress.

And the Casimir effect, how is that justified with 16 elementery particles, +2 hypotheticals. Don't they need their opposite spin particles to make sense? Those other 16 particles that were MADE UP i.e. NO EVIDENCE FOR except the fact that mathemeticians needed them for QM to make sense?

I know the 16 already observed elementary particles of the standard model and the sole missing one is the Higgs. What is the second hypothetical?

And by the way, the 16 known particles have of course their antiparticles (the photon and the Z0 are their own antiparticles), which were observed too. But the spin doesn't change of course. What do you mean with "opposite spin"? Spin is a quantity which can only have positive values (greather than or equal zero). So I have no idea what you are talking about.

Or are you mixing the standard model with something you heard about some proposed supersymmetry theories? That would be of the quite speculative category (and unlikely that it is correct as there are a whole bunch of competing theories). But it wouldn't change anything on the Casimir effect either way.

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Message 40510 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 12:51:12 UTC - in response to Message 40501.

And when you have a higgs boson and a graviton that justify and qualify the other 16 particles, one can start spouting QM as a usable, testable theory. Not a mathematical theory that produces questionable experimental evidence based on hypothetical particles.

The graviton has nothing to do with the standard model. It was only proposed to exist in analogy to the other exchange particles, but it is not part of the theory.
We have currently quantum mechanical formulations of the electromagnetic, the weak and the strong interactions, the gravitation isn't part of this. There is simply no quantum mechanical formulation of gravitation, all we have is the good old classical gravitation (which is quite good for most stuff actually) and Einstein's General Relativity (which isn't a quantum theory either).

So more or less all what was proposed for the graviton so far is something like: "if something similar to the other 3 theories exists, we shall name the gauge boson (exchange particle) of gravitation the graviton". It is not clear if a gauge invariant quantum theory of gravitation even exists. All tries for a formulation failed so far (one of it was even termed "last hope theory").

The quest for a quantum gravitation theory is still open (and highly speculative as experimental checks are extremely difficult). In the moment it looks like as it will be a bit different than what we have for the other 3 interactions (which are all gauge theories). Loop quantum gravitation is apparently something else (I don't know what they are talking about ;) where maybe no graviton is needed at all.

But back to your quote. Quantum mechanics is so well tested and proven that your quote above simply makes no sense at all. A lot of stuff around you wouldn't work without it!

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Message 40511 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:18:32 UTC - in response to Message 40510.
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:24:03 UTC

But quantum theory is NOT a complete theory until the higgs mechanism is found. No proof, no cigar, unworkable theory.

One simply cannot PROVE an incomplete theory. You don't have all the pieces of the jigsaw. Scientists think they know what they are, but can NOT prove the existence of THEORETICAL particles by experiment.

The mathematics of it all may be brilliant, but it is not describing observable real world events because you can't prove the existence of a particle that PROVES QT.

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Message 40512 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:23:23 UTC - in response to Message 40511.
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:34:05 UTC

But quantum theory is NOT a complete theory until the higgs mechanism is found. No proof, no cigar, unworkable theory.

One simply cannot PROVE

That sounds like you are trolling. Maybe I should stop feeding you :]

Edit:
By the way, it is not possible to prove that any theory is "true" and in a rigorous view, every theory is only an abstraction of the world. All what can be done is to check if a theory consistently describes the observations and experiments and if it has predictive value for new experiments. And frankly, quantum mechanics and the standard model as a whole does a quite marvellous job so far. But it is also true that the theory currently reaches to the edges what can be checked experimentally. So there is always the possibility that the theory needs some refinement, when new experiments come up. This is called scientific progress.

To sum it up, one can work quite well with current theories.

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Message 40514 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:28:10 UTC
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:32:20 UTC

Well, pardon me. Sounds more like you can't defend an incomplete theory. No Higgs, no theory.

That's kind of how it works.

Edit: Even better. Here's the link to a youtube video where the scientists say what i just told you. No Higgs, no theory.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XbKZwXK-3c&feature=related

I suggest you go trolling there for information straight from a LHC scientists mouth.

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Message 40515 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:43:51 UTC
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:46:35 UTC

I'll rephrase what i said, may have been a bit off. No higgs, no Standard Model. All predictions, experiments, theories...null, void, invalid, worthless.

Can't have a set of massless particles flying around at the speed of light unable to slow down to form matter, can we now?

Just wouldn't be scientific.

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Message 40517 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 13:58:21 UTC - in response to Message 40514.

Well, pardon me. Sounds more like you can't defend an incomplete theory. No Higgs, no theory.

That's kind of how it works.

No, it's not.
The Higgs mechanism is only the best bet (right now) for that missing part of the standard model. There are in fact a few other ones which one has to look at, if the Higgs would not be found.

And as food for thought, that we have now quantum mechanics, doesn't make the classical mechanics useless. The latter is simply a limiting case of the former.

Edit: Even better. Here's the link to a youtube video where the scientists say what i just told you. No Higgs, no theory.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XbKZwXK-3c&feature=related

I suggest you go trolling there for information straight from a LHC scientists mouth.

I suggest you try to understand what the people are saying there.

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Message 40518 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 14:15:39 UTC

It can be argued that the most interesting discovery would be that we cannot find the higgs proving practically that it isn't there. That would mean that we really haven't understood something, that's a very good scene for science. Revelations sometimes come from the fact you hit a wall and you realize that you truly haven't understood anything.


That's what the bearded dude states. I agree, that's how science works. In essence, we don't find it, we've been wrong all along? Haven't understood Quantum Mechanics?

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Message 40519 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 14:32:32 UTC - in response to Message 40518.
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 14:32:59 UTC

It can be argued that the most interesting discovery would be that we cannot find the higgs proving practically that it isn't there. That would mean that we really haven't understood something, that's a very good scene for science. Revelations sometimes come from the fact you hit a wall and you realize that you truly haven't understood anything.

That's what the bearded dude states. I agree, that's how science works. In essence, we don't find it, we've been wrong all along? Haven't understood Quantum Mechanics?

It means, that then the Higgs mechanism isn't responsible for the masses, or at least not in it's current version. That's what he finds interesting, to look for other explanations that may reveal some new, deeper principles.

That's what I said already, in that case one has to look at another or a refined mechanism for that. But it wouldn't invalidate quantum mechanics. Not by a long shot.

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Message 40520 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 14:50:54 UTC
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 15:02:27 UTC

Ok, i stand corrected. From what i could gather of the 3 episodes and various other viewings and readings was this. If the higgs mechanism wasn't found, there was no way to add mass to the massless particles to allow them to form larger particles...based on the theory of the standard model.

It's ok to be able to do wonderfull things with the particles in mathematics and hypothetical experiments, but if we can't give them mass it's all pretty pointless.

It just gets to me, really annoys me, that when something doesn't seem to work in 'science' these days, the theory doesn't get reworked. It simply gets stuff added to it. Invented stuff added to it to make the equations balance. It doesn't have to be real, just an an added concept or abstraction to make the maths work.

I'll shut up now. Just frustrated by the lack of what i call 'science' in science. I mean, how can you have this dense soup of super heavy 'syrup' all around us, and not be able to detect it? Yet massless particles are detected.

Edit: This Higgs mechanism. May it only have been around, and able to act upon these particles and form mass as we know it during a certain period of the big bang?

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Message 40521 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 16:11:47 UTC - in response to Message 40520.
Last modified: 18 Jun 2010 | 16:17:09 UTC

It just gets to me, really annoys me, that when something doesn't seem to work in 'science' these days, the theory doesn't get reworked. It simply gets stuff added to it. Invented stuff added to it to make the equations balance. It doesn't have to be real, just an an added concept or abstraction to make the maths work.

That really isn't anything new - it's been going on as long as there have been scientific theories. Take Galileo's idea that the planets rotate around the Sun in circular orbits, for example. Because his theory wasn't quite right, natural philosophers of the time were able to keep supporting the idea of the Earth as center of the universe, and all the problems were 'explained' away as anomalies. It was only when Kepler introduced elliptical orbits that they couldn't get around it anymore, and this was a significant paradigm shift (for more on those, see Thomas Kuhn's work).

Now, I'm not saying that's a good thing. But it also doesn't mean we should throw away all our theories the moment something unexplained comes up, or we'd have nothing to fall back on. Of course string theory doesn't really fit with this as it hasn't really yielded any useful predictions despite over 30 years of work, and ideas like the anthropic principle really aren't a good sign in my opinion - it's possible that it's true, but it's entirely unhelpful.

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Message 40527 - Posted: 18 Jun 2010 | 19:46:13 UTC - in response to Message 40410.

Succinctly, no. Nothing with mass in the universe can travel at the speed of light, and massless particles (such as photons) can only travel at the speed of light. (These are consequences of the Theory of Relativity, much of which has been experimentally verified) All of the evidence that we have points to a universe that is constantly expanding, and if it suddenly stopped expanding, we would be able to see this as the light from the 'stopped' objects reaches us. So if a galaxy 10 million light years away stopped moving away and is now moving towards us, we would notice it unless it turned around less than 10 million years ago. This is assuming that the turn-around is sudden, and that's not how the universe tends to work. :)

Cheers - Matthew


If the space ( and galaxies) are emerging from a rotating point they
will not need to stop in their path before they start falling back to the starting point. They can be constantly moving in a curved path.

And regarding 'nothing can be moving faster than the speed of light' that's
not absolutely true. An object that moves 'with' the space can be moving
much faster than the speed of light relative an other object that are moving
in an other part of space.
I have read that there are calculations done that shows that a galaxy that has
a red shift of Z>1.6 'now' will we never be able to se because the movement
of space itself will outrun the speed of light before it can reach us and what say that it can't be shrinking faster than light?

Also the increasing of mass with speed seam to be merely a definition
as a fast moving object does not have a stronger gravity than a non moving object.

It seams to me that the theory of relativity merely handles how electromagnetic
information travels in the local, non expanding, space.

I am not well educated, just curious and fascinated in questions like this
and I know that saying that mass is moving faster than light is
like swearing i a church for some of you guy's :)





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Message 40541 - Posted: 19 Jun 2010 | 10:06:00 UTC

Well, according to Roger Penrose,

“We can imagine that for a sufficiently massive and concentrated body, the escape velocity could exceed even the velocity of light! When this happens, we have a black hole.”


Reverse engeneering, anything caught by that particular black hole would be sucked in at a speed exceeding the speed of light.

Correct me if Roger Penrose isn't saying this.

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Message 41295 - Posted: 6 Aug 2010 | 9:27:44 UTC - in response to Message 40541.

Well, according to Roger Penrose,
“We can imagine that for a sufficiently massive and concentrated body, the escape velocity could exceed even the velocity of light! When this happens, we have a black hole.”


Reverse engeneering, anything caught by that particular black hole would be sucked in at a speed exceeding the speed of light.

Correct me if Roger Penrose isn't saying this.

No, he’s not. Consider that the escape velocity from the surface of the Earth is about 11 km/s. This means that no (unpowered) projectile can get free of the planet’s gravity unless it’s going at least that fast. That doesn’t mean that falling objects must travel at that speed or faster.
____________

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Message 42266 - Posted: 20 Sep 2010 | 17:09:53 UTC - in response to Message 40317.

Hi all, this is my first post in the forums but l have been crunching for some time now.

Interesting scenario there simplex0 and nice reply by Joses. Indeed if galaxies were moving closer to us then they should appear brighter.

Correct me if l am wrong and this might sound stupid to most of you, but how do we know where the galaxies should be moving towards to if we don't know in which space the big bang occurred? And technically that would be hard to pinpoint since space as we know it is a product of the big bang as well(as far as l remember).

It is very puzzling that galaxies move away from us at ever increasing speeds.

Again sorry if my post is stupid.


The bang occurred every place. Fortunately it was a while ago.

All points were one at bang time.

The separation we observe today is due to the creation of space by the expanding bang over time. Time and space are not independent variables but aspects of the same thing.

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Message 42267 - Posted: 20 Sep 2010 | 17:16:28 UTC - in response to Message 39359.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

But what happens if the point rotating around 1, 2 or 3 axis?

Will the stars & galaxies in this case ever come to a complete stop in their path before the start to falling back to the point of origin?

Imagine that the galaxy that wee se traveling at the speed of light relative to us now traveling towards us then wee will only se the back light so to speak but the front light will wee not see until wee actually collide.

Or in other words wee will observe an expending universe right to the time when wee collide.


Years ago, unfortunately too long ago to remember details, I came across something about Einstein's thought experiment buddy at Princeton whom I seem to recall was not a physicist. In any event the idea of a rotating universe came up but didn't work out for some reason.

Way too vague to help but maybe someone here can remember enough to google it.

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Message 45291 - Posted: 25 Dec 2010 | 6:35:45 UTC - in response to Message 40454.


THAT'S what annoys me no end. If a theory is not testable, or is flawed, it is not a working theory. If the theory can be tested and does not work, it is incorrect i.e. WRONG.



I think you'll find that it's just as damaging to science to totally dispose of an entire theory on account of some flaws or inconsistencies, as it is to arbitrarily invent new concepts in an attempt to fill in the holes in a flawed theory. Even though a theory is incomplete (like string theory), it can later be revealed to be a piece of an even larger puzzle as new knowledge is discovered. If you've just thrown it away as worthless, then it may have to be completely rediscovered in order to put the puzzle together correctly. This has happened quite a few times throughout the history of science and mathematics, and it unnecessarily impedes progress.

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Message 47946 - Posted: 17 Apr 2011 | 2:47:50 UTC - in response to Message 39359.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

But what happens if the point rotating around 1, 2 or 3 axis?

Will the stars & galaxies in this case ever come to a complete stop in their path before the start to falling back to the point of origin?

Imagine that the galaxy that wee se traveling at the speed of light relative to us now traveling towards us then wee will only se the back light so to speak but the front light will wee not see until wee actually collide.

Or in other words wee will observe an expending universe right to the time when wee collide.


We are actually zipping along towards the Virgo galaxy cluster at 3 million MPH and the all the local group of galaxies are going somewhere very fast at almost 1/10th the speed of light and possibly accelerating. Why, seems we are being drawn towards something we cant see. That is moving a massive amount of matter all in the similar direction. The energy alone to create a massive source is enormous but it exists. Something that sticks in my mind "For every action there is a reaction" Is this the formation of the most massive black hole ever seen and is it antimatter repelling the mass of the know universe in maybe 6 times more matter than it displaces.

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Message 47947 - Posted: 17 Apr 2011 | 2:47:58 UTC - in response to Message 39359.

Is it possible that the universe are collapsing at this very moment but wee are unable to se it?

If all the stars & galaxies emerged from an non rotating point in universe I expect that they would fly outwards but that the gravity will gradually slow
down the velocity of everything so they will eventually stop and than start to accelerate back to the origin of the staring point.

But what happens if the point rotating around 1, 2 or 3 axis?

Will the stars & galaxies in this case ever come to a complete stop in their path before the start to falling back to the point of origin?

Imagine that the galaxy that wee se traveling at the speed of light relative to us now traveling towards us then wee will only se the back light so to speak but the front light will wee not see until wee actually collide.

Or in other words wee will observe an expending universe right to the time when wee collide.


We are actually zipping along towards the Virgo galaxy cluster at 3 million MPH and the all the local group of galaxies are going somewhere very fast at almost 1/10th the speed of light and possibly accelerating. Why, seems we are being drawn towards something we cant see. That is moving a massive amount of matter all in the similar direction. The energy alone to create a massive source is enormous but it exists. Something that sticks in my mind "For every action there is a reaction" Is this the formation of the most massive black hole ever seen and is it antimatter repelling the mass of the know universe in maybe 6 times more matter than it displaces.

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